川芎嗪对大鼠局部脑缺血星形胶质细胞的影响

目的 :观察川芎嗪对缺血后神经元改变和星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的影响。方法 :制作大鼠单侧局灶性脑缺血模型 ,HE染色观察神经元的形态学改变 ,免疫组化染色观察星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的变化。结果 :川芎嗪可提高星形胶质细胞GFAP表达。结论 :川芎嗪对缺血神经元有保护作用     

无锡市德国小蠊抗性监测及防制措施研究

目的 对无锡市德国小蠊的抗性和抗性消退研究;探讨进行综合防制的措施。方法 抗性和抗性消退测定采用药膜接触法。结果 无锡市德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏已产生较高程度的抗性,对残杀威、溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯敏感性亦有所减弱;拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性消退速度较有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂抗性消退速度快;采用堵洞抹缝、清除垃圾等环境治理措施,选择合理的杀虫用药及剂型进行杀灭和巩固,可基本控制德国小蠊的侵害和孳生。结果 无锡市德国小蠊对某些杀虫剂抗性已较高,应注意合理选择杀虫剂,交替用药、混配用药;选择合理的用药及剂型进行化学防治辅以彻底的环境治理措施是对德国小蠊进行综合防制的关键。     

冠状动脉MSCT成像技术探讨

目的探讨回顾性心电门控技术在MSCT冠状动脉成像中的应用。方法15例患者做MSCT冠状动脉成像检查,采用回顾性心电门控和心脏分段重建算法,选择0.5s螺旋扫描。在9个R-Rinterval上进行冠状动脉CT图像重建。结果15例患者的230个冠状动脉节段(内径>2mm)中,213个节段(91%)在70%R-Rinterval上显示最好,15(6.4)、9(3.8%)和3(1.3%)个节段分别在80%、40%和50%R-Rinterval上显示最好。结论冠状动脉通常在心动周期R波后70%R-Rinterval上显示最好。     

铜胁迫对茅苍术3种药效成分积累及其生物合成2种关键酶基因表达的影响

目的研究铜胁迫对茅苍术药效成分β-桉叶醇、苍术酮和苍术素积累及其生物合成关键酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)、法呢基焦磷酸合酶(FPPS)基因表达的影响。方法在铜胁迫下,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法测定茅苍术HMGR、FPPS的表达量;采用高效液相色谱法测定茅苍术3种药效成分的含量;采用SPSS软件对两者进行相关性分析,DPS软件进行灰色关联度分析。结果当铜胁迫在100 mg/kg以内时,茅苍术根茎内FPPS表达量与苍术酮含量略有增加;但铜浓度继续增加时,HMGR、FPPS表达量与3种药效成分含量呈不同程度的下降趋势。铜胁迫下HMGR、FPPS的表达量与β-桉叶醇、苍术酮和苍术素的含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。灰色关联度分析发现铜胁迫下茅苍术根茎中β-桉叶醇、苍术酮的含量与HMGR、FPPS的表达量关联较大,FPPS基因的表达对β-桉叶醇和苍术酮合成贡献较大,但苍术素含量与这2种关键酶基因的表达关联度较小。结论阐明了铜胁迫下茅苍术2种关键酶基因表达量与3种药效成分含量的变化规律,揭示了铜胁迫下茅苍术药效成分β-桉叶醇、苍术酮与萜类生物合成关键酶HMGR、FPPS的关系,有助于进一步深入研究铜胁迫下茅苍术药效成分合成的分子调控机制,为提高茅苍术药材的品质提供理论基础。     

Usefulness of optical coherence tomography to detect central serous chorioretinopathy in monkeys

Many systemic drugs can induce ocular toxicity and several ocular side‐effects have been identified in clinical studies. However, it is difficult to detect ocular toxicity in preclinical studies because of the lack of appropriate evaluation methods. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful because it can provide real‐time images throughout a study period, whereas histopathology only provides images of sacrificed animals. Using OCT alongside histopathology, attempts were made to find effective approaches for screening of drug‐induced ocular toxicity in monkeys. Such approaches could be used in preclinical studies prior to human trials. Six male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis Raffles) were orally administered one of six candidate MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Central serous chorioretinopathy, a known side‐effect of such inhibitors, was identified in four monkeys by OCT. Artifacts generated during tissue processing meant that histopathology could not detect edematous changes. Thus, OCT is a useful tool to detect ocular toxicity which cannot be detected by histopathology in preclinical studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维细胞模型在肿瘤研究中的应用

三维细胞模型借助特殊材料或载体在体外培养不同种类的细胞,使细胞在三维环境中生长、迁移和分化。三维细胞模型为细胞提供接近体内生存的体外环境,使细胞的基因表达、信号传递更具生理学相关性。本文从三维细胞模型的概念与分类入手,综述了近几年三维细胞模型在肿瘤微环境、肿瘤转移与抗肿瘤药物研发的应用与进展。基于三维细胞模型目前存在的不足,对其在肿瘤治疗中的应用提出了设想与展望。     

Physiological based pharmacokinetic modeling to estimate in vivo Ki of ketoconazole on renal P-gp using human drug-drug interaction study result of fesoterodine and ketoconazole

This study was conducted to estimate in vivo inhibition constant (Ki) of ketoconazole on renal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using human drug-drug interaction (DDI) study result of fesoterodine and ketoconazole. Fesoterodine is a prodrug which is extensively hydrolyzed by non-specific esterases to the active metabolite 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (5-HMT). 5-HMT is then further metabolized via Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP3A4. It is reported that 5-HMT is a substrate of P-gp whereas fesoterodine is not. Renal clearance of 5-HMT is approximately two-times greater than renal glomerular filtration rate. This suggests the possibility that renal clearance of 5-HMT involves secretion by P-gp. Utilizing the available pharmacokinetic characteristics of fesoterodine and 5-HMT, we estimated in vivo Ki of ketoconazole on P-gp at kidney based on DDI study data using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic approach. The estimated in vivo Ki of ketoconazole for hepatic CYP3A4 (6.64 ng/mL) was consistent with the reported values. The in vivo Ki of ketoconazole for renal P-gp was successfully estimated as 2.27 ng/mL, which was notably lower than reported in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values ranged 223–2440 ng/mL due to different condition between in vitro and in vivo.